Files
github-actions[bot] 5c97379765 sunnypilot v2026.003.000 release
date: 2026-08-01T16:05:18
master commit: 3a05c03079d796f533f342489b3f681cfd21f98d
2026-08-01 16:09:01 +08:00

572 lines
34 KiB
Python
Raw Permalink Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters
This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.
from typing import Callable
import math, functools
from tinygrad.dtype import dtypes, DType, promo_lattice, truncate
from tinygrad.device import is_dtype_supported
from tinygrad.helpers import flatten, polyN, Target, EMULATED_DTYPES
from tinygrad.uop import GroupOp
from tinygrad.uop.ops import UOp, UPat, Ops, PatternMatcher, graph_rewrite
TRANSCENDENTAL_DTYPES = (dtypes.float16, dtypes.float32, dtypes.float64)
def _lazy_map_numbers(x:UOp, inf:UOp, _inf:UOp, nan:UOp, ratio:UOp):
"""replace inf -> inf, -inf -> _inf, nan -> nan, otherwise -> ratio"""
return x.ne(math.inf).where(x.ne(x).where(nan, x.ne(-math.inf).where(ratio, _inf)), inf)
# *** helper functions for bit manipulation ***
def mantissa_bits(d:DType) -> int: return dtypes.finfo(d.scalar())[1]
def exponent_bias(d:DType) -> int: return (1 << (dtypes.finfo(d.scalar())[0] - 1)) - (0 if d.scalar() in dtypes.fp8_fnuz else 1)
def exponent_mask(d:DType) -> int: return (1 << dtypes.finfo(d.scalar())[0]) - 1
# **** utils ****
def shr(x:UOp|int, y:UOp|int) -> UOp: return x // (2**(y.simplify().arg) if isinstance(y, UOp) else 2**y)
def shl(x:UOp|int, y:UOp|int) -> UOp: return x * (2**(y.simplify().arg) if isinstance(y, UOp) else 2**y)
def rintk(d:UOp) -> UOp:
"""round d:float to int away from 0"""
out_dtype = {dtypes.float64: dtypes.int64, dtypes.float32: dtypes.int32, dtypes.float16: dtypes.int16}[d.dtype.scalar()].vec(d.dtype.vcount)
return (d + (d<0.0).where(d.const_like(-0.5), d.const_like(0.5))).cast(out_dtype)
def pow2if(q:UOp, float_dtype:DType):
"""cast(2^q, float_dtype) where q is any integer in the range of [-126, 127]"""
out_dtype = {dtypes.int64: dtypes.float64, dtypes.int32: dtypes.float32, dtypes.int16: float_dtype.scalar()}[q.dtype.scalar()].vec(q.dtype.vcount)
return shl(q + exponent_bias(out_dtype), mantissa_bits(out_dtype)).bitcast(out_dtype)
def ilogb2k(d:UOp) -> UOp:
"""calculate the integer part of log2(d), where d is normalized fp value in the range of [0, +inf)."""
assert d.dtype.scalar() in TRANSCENDENTAL_DTYPES
dint = d.bitcast({dtypes.float64: dtypes.int64, dtypes.float32: dtypes.int32, dtypes.float16: dtypes.int16}[d.dtype.scalar()].vec(d.dtype.vcount))
# -1 <= ilog2bk(d) <= 128
return (shr(dint, mantissa_bits(d.dtype)) & exponent_mask(d.dtype)) - exponent_bias(d.dtype)
def ldexp3k(d:UOp, e:UOp) -> UOp:
"""d*2^e. e is a number obtained by casting an integer in the range [-127, 127] to a float. d is any float number."""
assert d.dtype.scalar() in TRANSCENDENTAL_DTYPES and e.dtype.scalar() in TRANSCENDENTAL_DTYPES
dtype = {dtypes.float64: dtypes.int64, dtypes.float32: dtypes.int32, dtypes.float16: dtypes.int16}[d.dtype.scalar()].vec(d.dtype.count)
m1 = d.bitcast(dtype)
m2 = shl(e.cast(dtype), mantissa_bits(d.dtype))
return (m1 + m2).bitcast(d.dtype)
def ldexp2k(d:UOp, e:UOp) -> UOp:
"""d*2^e. much faster than ldexp3k but risky. d > 0 and d is not denormal."""
assert d.dtype.scalar() in TRANSCENDENTAL_DTYPES and e.dtype.scalar() in (dtypes.int16, dtypes.int32, dtypes.int64)
return (d * pow2if(shr(e, 1), d.dtype)) * pow2if(e - shr(e, 1), d.dtype)
def frexp(v:UOp) -> tuple[UOp, UOp]:
"""frexp(v) -> (mantissa, exponent) assuming v != 0"""
assert v.dtype.scalar() in TRANSCENDENTAL_DTYPES
# m1 = masks for mantissa, m2 = masks to normalize the mantissa.
m1 = {dtypes.float64: 0x000FFFFFFFFFFFFF, dtypes.float32: 0x807FFFFF, dtypes.float16: 0x83FF}[v.dtype.scalar()]
m2 = {dtypes.float64: 0x3FE0000000000000, dtypes.float32: 0x3F000000, dtypes.float16: 0x3800}[v.dtype.scalar()]
bits = v.bitcast({dtypes.float64: dtypes.uint64, dtypes.float32: dtypes.uint32, dtypes.float16: dtypes.uint16}[v.dtype.scalar()].vec(v.dtype.count))
exponent = shr(bits, mantissa_bits(v.dtype)) & exponent_mask(v.dtype)
# Set the exponent bits appropriately to normalize the mantissa into the range of [0.5, 1.0).
mantissa = ((bits & m1) | m2).bitcast(v.dtype)
exp = exponent - exponent_bias(v.dtype) + 1
return mantissa, exp
# *** reduction algorithms for sine ***
def payne_hanek_reduction(d:UOp) -> tuple[UOp, UOp]:
"""
Performs Payne-Hanek Reduction: computes the remainder of `d` modulo pi/2 for the values `d` where
39800.0 <= d <= +Inf
Returns a tuple of `(r, q)`:
- `r`[d.dtype] is the reminder value corresponding to `round_to_nearest(x % pi/2)`.
- `q`[int32] is an integer, and q % 4 is corresponding to the quadrant of the original angle `d`.
"""
assert d.dtype.scalar() in TRANSCENDENTAL_DTYPES
# https://stackoverflow.com/questions/30463616/payne-hanek-algorithm-implementation-in-c/30465751#30465751
# 190 bits of 2/pi for Payne-Hanek style argument reduction
two_over_pi_f = [0x00000000, 0x28be60db, 0x9391054a, 0x7f09d5f4, 0x7d4d3770, 0x36d8a566, 0x4f10e410]
intermediate_dtype = dtypes.float32.vec(d.dtype.count) if d.dtype.base.scalar() == dtypes.float16 else d.dtype
f, e = frexp(d)
ia = (f.cast(intermediate_dtype) * 4.294967296e9).cast(dtypes.uint64)
# extract 96 relevant bits of 2/pi based on magnitude of argument
i = shr(e.cast(dtypes.uint64), 5)
e = e.cast(dtypes.int32) & 31
offset = 32 - e
def _take(an:UOp, offset:int, count:int=0) -> UOp:
"""an = two_over_pi_f[i+offset]"""
if count+offset < len(two_over_pi_f) - 1:
an = i.ne(count).where(_take(an, offset, count=count+1), an.const_like(two_over_pi_f[count+offset]))
return an
def _shl_lazy(x:UOp, y:UOp): return (x.cast(dtypes.uint64) * pow2if(y, d.dtype).cast(dtypes.uint64)).cast(dtypes.uint32)
def _shr_lazy(x:UOp, y:UOp): return (x.cast(dtypes.uint64) // pow2if(y, d.dtype).cast(dtypes.uint64)).cast(dtypes.uint32)
a = [_take(UOp.const(dtypes.uint32.vec(d.dtype.count), 0), i) for i in range(4)]
# (two_over_pi_f[Int(i) + n] << e) | (two_over_pi_f[Int(i) + n+1] >> (nbits - e))
# Note: e >= 1 for all numbers d >= 1.0. assume e != 0
hi = _shl_lazy(a[0], e) | _shr_lazy(a[1], offset)
mi = _shl_lazy(a[1], e) | _shr_lazy(a[2], offset)
lo = _shl_lazy(a[2], e) | _shr_lazy(a[3], offset)
def _hp_mul(x:UOp, y:UOp) -> UOp: return x.cast(dtypes.uint64) * y.cast(dtypes.uint64)
# compute x * 2/pi
p = shl(_hp_mul(ia, hi), 32) + _hp_mul(ia, mi) + shr(_hp_mul(ia, lo), 32)
# round quotient to nearest
q = shr(p, 62).cast(dtypes.int32)
p = p & 0x3fffffffffffffff
r = (p.cast(intermediate_dtype) * (3.4061215800865545e-19)).cast(d.dtype)
# if fraction >= 0.5, r -= pi/2, q += 1
return (f<0.5).where(r, r - math.pi/2), (f<0.5).where(q, q + 1)
def cody_waite_reduction(d:UOp) -> tuple[UOp, UOp]:
"""
Performs Cody-Waite Reduction: computes the reminder of `d` modulo pi/2 for the values `d` where
0 <= abs(d) <= 39800.0
Returns a tuple of `(r, q)`, where the output format is the same as that of `payne_hanek_reduction`.
"""
def _reduce_d(x:UOp, q:UOp):
# https://github.com/shibatch/sleef/blob/4e08851f59fc2b545f9c393c6a23dfd311a26308/src/libm/sleefdp.c#L789-L823
if x.dtype.scalar() == dtypes.float64:
# https://github.com/shibatch/sleef/blob/f6d8a841fbfddd26ce712834d4da220cd76048fb/src/common/misc.h#L77
PI_A, PI_B, PI_C, PI_D = 3.1415926218032836914, 3.1786509424591713469e-08, 1.2246467864107188502e-16, 1.2736634327021899816e-24
d = qdh * -PI_A + x
d = q * -PI_A + d
d = qdh * -PI_B + d
d = q * -PI_B + d
d = qdh * -PI_C + d
d = q * -PI_C + d
d = (qdh + q) * -PI_D + d
elif x.dtype.scalar() == dtypes.float16:
# [FIXME] when reducing `d`, FP16 needs FP32 precision to achieve 1.0 ULP precision.
d = _reduce_d(x.cast(dtypes.float32), q.cast(dtypes.float32)).cast(dtypes.float16)
else:
# https://github.com/shibatch/sleef/blob/4e08851f59fc2b545f9c393c6a23dfd311a26308/src/libm/sleefsp.c#L464-L503
d = q * -3.1414794921875 + x
d = q * -0.00011315941810607910156 + d
d = q * -1.9841872589410058936e-09 + d
d = q * -1.2154201256553420762e-10 + d
return d
m_1_pi = 0.318309886183790671537767526745028724
qdh = (d * (m_1_pi / 2.0**24)).cast(dtypes.int64).cast(d.dtype) * (2.0**24)
quadrant = rintk(d * m_1_pi -qdh) if d.dtype.base.scalar() == dtypes.float64 else rintk(d * m_1_pi)
return _reduce_d(d, quadrant.cast(d.dtype)), quadrant.cast(dtypes.int32)
# *** approximate sine on small angle. ***
def trig_poly(d:UOp, coeff32, coeff64): return d * (polyN(d*d, coeff64) if d.dtype.scalar() == dtypes.float64 else polyN(d*d, coeff32))
# approximate sine on [-pi/2, pi/2]
def sin_poly(d:UOp) -> UOp:
return trig_poly(d, [2.6083159809786593541503e-06, -0.0001981069071916863322258, 0.00833307858556509017944336, -0.166666597127914428710938, 1.0],
[-7.97255955009037868891952e-18, 2.81009972710863200091251e-15, -7.64712219118158833288484e-13, 1.60590430605664501629054e-10,
-2.50521083763502045810755e-08, 2.75573192239198747630416e-06, -0.000198412698412696162806809, 0.00833333333333332974823815,
-0.166666666666666657414808, 1.0])
def _ifand(q:UOp, n:int): return (q & n).ne(0)
def sin_poly_small(d:UOp, q:UOp) -> UOp:
r = sin_poly(d)
return r * _ifand(q, 1).where(r.const_like(-1), r.const_like(1))
def sin_poly_large(d:UOp, q:UOp) -> UOp:
r = sin_poly(d + _ifand(q, 1).where(d.const_like(math.pi / 2), d.const_like(0)))
return r * _ifand(q, 2).where(r.const_like(-1), r.const_like(1))
# *** toplevel functions for xsin/xlog2/xexp2 ***
def xsin(d:UOp, fast:bool=False, switch_over:float=30.0) -> UOp:
"""
Implements a 1.0 ULP approximation for Ops.SIN.
- fast=True assumes x <= switch_over.
- switch_over is the threshold for switching to payne_hanek_reduction.
"""
assert d.dtype.scalar() in TRANSCENDENTAL_DTYPES
# mask +-inf/nan as zero
x = _lazy_map_numbers(d, d.const_like(0.0), d.const_like(0.0), d.const_like(0.0), d)
# x_sign = sign(x)
x_sign = x.ne(0).where((x<0).where(x.const_like(-1), x.const_like(1)), x.const_like(0))
x_abs = x * x_sign
r, q = (cody_waite_reduction if fast else payne_hanek_reduction)(x_abs)
if fast: result = sin_poly_small(r, q)
else:
# Payne Hanek Reduction assumes abs(x) >= pi/4, so for smaller values, use cody_waite_reduction.
r_small, q_small = cody_waite_reduction(x_abs)
result = (x_abs<switch_over).where(sin_poly_small(r_small, q_small), sin_poly_large(r, q))
# adjusts the sign for abs(x)
result = result * x_sign
# sin(Inf) = NaN, sin(-Inf) = NaN, sin(NaN) = NaN
return _lazy_map_numbers(d, d.const_like(math.nan), d.const_like(math.nan), d.const_like(math.nan), result)
def xexp2(d:UOp) -> UOp:
"""
Implements a 1.0 ULP approximation for Ops.EXP2
- Paper: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2001.09258
"""
assert d.dtype.scalar() in TRANSCENDENTAL_DTYPES
# mask +=inf/nan as zero.
x = _lazy_map_numbers(d, d.const_like(0.0), d.const_like(0.0), d.const_like(0.0), d)
q = rintk(x)
# s = d - round(d)
s = x - q.cast(x.dtype)
# a polynomial approximation with 13 non-zero terms in the range of [(log 2)/2,(log 2)/2].
if d.dtype.scalar() == dtypes.float64:
u = polyN(s, [0.4434359082926529454e-9, 0.7073164598085707425e-8, 0.1017819260921760451e-6, 0.1321543872511327615e-5, 0.1525273353517584730e-4,
0.1540353045101147808e-3, 0.1333355814670499073e-2, 0.9618129107597600536e-2, 0.5550410866482046596e-1, 0.2402265069591012214e+0,
0.6931471805599452862e+0, 0.1000000000000000000e+1])
else: u = polyN(s, [0.1535920892e-3, 0.1339262701e-2, 0.9618384764e-2, 0.5550347269e-1, 0.2402264476e+0, 0.6931471825e+0, 1.0])
u = ldexp2k(u, q) # u*2^q
upper, lower = {dtypes.float64: (1024, -2000), dtypes.float32: (128, -150), dtypes.float16: (23, -22)}[d.dtype.scalar()]
# Replace x >= upper with +inf
u = (d >= upper).where(d.const_like(math.inf), u)
# Replace x < lower with zero.
u = (d<lower).where(d.const_like(0.0), u)
# exp2(NaN) = NaN
return d.ne(d).where(d.const_like(math.nan), u)
def xlog2(d:UOp) -> UOp:
"""
Implements a 1.0 ULP approximation for Ops.LOG2
Paper: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2001.09258 5.5
"""
assert d.dtype.scalar() in TRANSCENDENTAL_DTYPES
# float16 uses 2^10 for denormal scaling (2^64 overflows), float32/64 use 2^64
denormal_exp = 10 if d.dtype.scalar() == dtypes.float16 else 64
FLT_MIN = d.const_like({dtypes.float16: 6.1e-5, dtypes.float32: 1e-4, dtypes.float64: 1e-4}[d.dtype.scalar()])
is_denormal = d<FLT_MIN
a = is_denormal.where(d * (2 ** denormal_exp), d)
e = ilogb2k(a * (1.0 / 0.75)).cast(a.dtype)
m = ldexp3k(a, -e)
e = is_denormal.where(e - denormal_exp, e)
x = (m - 1.0) / (m + 1.0)
x2 = x * x
if d.dtype.scalar() == dtypes.float64:
t = polyN(x2, [0.2211941750456081490e+0, 0.2200768693152277689e+0, 0.2623708057488514656e+0, 0.3205977477944495502e+0,
0.4121985945485324709e+0, 0.5770780162997058982e+0, 0.96179669392608091449])
r = t * (x * x2) + e + x * 2.885390081777926774
else:
t = polyN(x2, [0.4374550283e+0, 0.5764790177e+0, 0.9618012905120])
# s_lo term (x*3.27e-08) only for float32 - underflows in float16
r = t * (x * x2) + e + x * 2.8853900432586669922 + (x * 3.2734474483568488616e-08 if d.dtype.scalar() == dtypes.float32 else 0)
# log2(Inf) = Inf
r = d.ne(math.inf).where(r, r.const_like(math.inf))
# log2(0) = -Inf (handle both +0.0 and -0.0)
r = d.ne(0.0).where(r, r.const_like(-math.inf))
# log2(x) = NaN for x < 0
r = (d<-0.0).where(r.const_like(math.nan), r)
# log2(NaN) = NaN
r = d.ne(d).where(r.const_like(math.nan), r)
# log2(-0.0) = -Inf. In certain devices like PTX, x == -0.0 won't be true. so making reciprocal.
return d.reciprocal().ne(-math.inf).where(r, r.const_like(-math.inf))
def xpow(base:UOp, exponent:UOp) -> UOp:
# start with b ** e = exp2(e * log2(b))
ret = (base < 0).where(-base, base).log2().mul(exponent).exp2()
# negative base: nan for non-integer exponent, negate for odd integer exponent
non_int = exponent != exponent.cast(dtypes.int32).cast(exponent.dtype)
is_odd = (exponent < 0).where(-exponent, exponent).cast(dtypes.int32).mod(2).cast(dtypes.bool)
neg_base = non_int.where(ret.const_like(math.nan), is_odd.where(-ret, ret))
# fix 0 ** 0 = 1
return (base.eq(0) & exponent.eq(0)).where(ret.const_like(1), (base < 0).where(neg_base, ret))
# *** integer division ***
@functools.lru_cache(None)
def magicgu(vmax:int, d:int) -> tuple[int,int]:
# calculate m,s such that x//d == (x*m) >> s for all 0 <= x <= vmax, d>0; adapted from Hacker's Delight, Chapter 10
nc = (vmax+1)//(d) * d - 1
nbits = vmax.bit_length()
for s in range(0, 2*nbits + 1):
if 2**s > nc*(d - 1 - (2**s - 1) % d):
m = (2**s + d - 1 - (2**s - 1) % d)//d
return m, s
assert False
def fast_idiv(target: Target, x: UOp, d: int, dont_cast=False) -> UOp|None:
# NOTE: disable for METAL due to compiler bug. keccak with -O0 works but not with optimization
if target.device.startswith("METAL"): return None
# If d is a power of two this is not valid for signed ints!
is_unsigned = x.vmin>=0 or x.dtype in dtypes.uints
assert d>0, "Sign should have been taken out of divisor"
vmin,vmax = max(x.vmin, x.dtype.min), min(x.vmax, x.dtype.max)
if vmin > -d and vmax < d: return x.const_like(0)
m,s = magicgu(max(vmax, abs(vmin)), d)
if m*vmin >= x.dtype.min and m*vmax <= x.dtype.max:
return ((x*m) >> s) if is_unsigned else ((x*m) >> s) + (x<0).where(x.ufix(1), 0)
# before we try casting to a larger dtype (slow), we see if there are powers of two in d we can shift to make x smaller
# use explicit Ops.CDIV (trunc) since the recursion assumes trunc semantics throughout
if (largest_factor_of_two_in_d := (d & -d)) > 1:
if (ret:=fast_idiv(target, x.alu(Ops.CDIV, x.const_like(largest_factor_of_two_in_d)),
d//largest_factor_of_two_in_d, dont_cast=True)) is not None: return ret
if dont_cast: return None
# promo_lattice needs to return an unsigned type if the type is unsigned
if dtypes.is_int(next_dtype := promo_lattice[x.dtype.scalar()][-1]) and is_dtype_supported(next_dtype, target):
if m*vmin >= next_dtype.min and m*vmax <= next_dtype.max:
return ((x.cast(next_dtype)*m) >> s).cast(x.dtype) if is_unsigned else ((x.cast(next_dtype)*m) >> s).cast(x.dtype) + (x<0).where(x.ufix(1), 0)
return None
# ***** threefry *****
def threefry2x32(x: UOp, key: UOp):
# split x and key from uint64 to two uint32
x0, x1 = (x & 0xffffffff).cast(dtypes.uint32), ((x // 2**32) & 0xffffffff).cast(dtypes.uint32)
key0, key1 = (key & 0xffffffff).cast(dtypes.uint32), ((key // 2**32) & 0xffffffff).cast(dtypes.uint32)
rotations = [[13, 15, 26, 6], [17, 29, 16, 24]]
ks = [key1, key0 ^ key1 ^ 0x1BD11BDA, key0]
xr:list[UOp] = [x0 + ks[-1], x1 + ks[0]]
for i in range(5):
for r in rotations[i % 2]: xr[0], xr[1] = (x0 := xr[0] + xr[1]), x0 ^ ((xr[1] * 2**r) + (xr[1] // 2**(32 - r)))
xr = [(xr[0] + ks[i % 3]), (xr[1] + ks[(i + 1) % 3] + i + 1)]
return xr[1].cast(dtypes.uint64) * 2**32 | xr[0].cast(dtypes.uint64)
# ***** long as 2 ints *****
l2i_dt = {dtypes.long: dtypes.int, dtypes.ulong: dtypes.uint}
def unpack32(v:UOp) -> tuple[UOp, UOp]: return v.bitcast(dtypes.uint) & 0xFFFF, shr(v.bitcast(dtypes.uint), 16)
def reindex(idx:UOp, off:int, mul=2) -> UOp: return idx.replace(src=(idx.src[0], idx.src[1]*mul+off, *idx.src[2:]))
# 4.3.1 is the relevant section in TAOCP
def l2i(op: Ops, dt: DType, *uops:UOp):
zero = UOp.const(dt, 0)
if len(uops) == 2: a0, a1 = uops
elif len(uops) == 4: a0, a1, b0, b1 = uops
match op:
case Ops.NEG: return l2i(Ops.SUB, dt, zero, zero, *uops)
case Ops.CAST if dt in (dtypes.long, dtypes.ulong) and uops[0].dtype not in dtypes.floats:
return uops[0].cast(l2i_dt[dt]), (uops[0] < 0).where(UOp.const(l2i_dt[dt], -1), UOp.const(l2i_dt[dt], 0))
case Ops.CAST if dt in (dtypes.long, dtypes.ulong):
return (lo:=uops[0].cast(l2i_dt[dt])), (uops[0] / 2**32).cast(l2i_dt[dt]) - ((uops[0] < 0) & lo.ne(0)).cast(l2i_dt[dt])
case Ops.CAST if dt in dtypes.floats:
small = (a1.eq(0) & (a0 >= 0)) | (a1.eq(-1) & (a0 < 0))
return small.where(a0.cast(dt), ((a1.cast(dtypes.float32) * (2**32)) + a0.bitcast(dtypes.uint).cast(dtypes.float32)).cast(dt))
case Ops.CAST: return a0.bitcast(dtypes.uint).cast(dt)
case Ops.BITCAST: return a0.bitcast(dt), a1.bitcast(dt)
case Ops.SHL:
lo, hi = shl(a0, b0_mod:=b0 & 31), shl(a1, b0_mod) | shr(shr(a0, 1), 31 - b0_mod)
return (b0 >= 32).where(zero, lo), (b0 >= 32).where(lo, hi)
case Ops.SHR:
lo, hi = shr(a0, b0_mod:=b0 & 31) | shl(shl(a1, 1), 31 - b0_mod), shr(a1, b0_mod)
return (b0 >= 32).where(hi, lo), (b0 >= 32).where(zero, hi)
case Ops.ADD: return (low:=a0+b0), (a1 + b1).replace(dtype=dt) + (low.bitcast(dtypes.uint) < a0.bitcast(dtypes.uint)).cast(dt)
case Ops.SUB: return a0 - b0, a1 - b1 - (a0.bitcast(dtypes.uint) < b0.bitcast(dtypes.uint)).cast(dt)
case Ops.MUL:
(a00, a01), (b00, b01) = unpack32(a0), unpack32(b0)
mid = l2i(Ops.ADD, dt, shl(a00*b01, 16).bitcast(dt), shr(a00*b01, 16).bitcast(dt), shl(a01*b00, 16).bitcast(dt), shr(a01*b00, 16).bitcast(dt))
return l2i(Ops.ADD, dt, *mid, (a00*b00).bitcast(dt), (a01*b01).bitcast(dt) + a0*b1 + a1*b0)
case Ops.CDIV | Ops.CMOD:
# TAOCP Algorithm 4.3.1D could be faster here, but must be parameterized over the width of b
if dt == dtypes.int:
ua0, ua1, ub0, ub1 = a0.bitcast(dtypes.uint), a1.bitcast(dtypes.uint), b0.bitcast(dtypes.uint), b1.bitcast(dtypes.uint)
a0, a1 = (a_neg:=a1 < zero).where((n:=l2i(Ops.NEG, dtypes.uint, ua0, ua1))[0], ua0), a_neg.where(n[1], ua1)
b0, b1 = (b_neg:=b1 < zero).where((n:=l2i(Ops.NEG, dtypes.uint, ub0, ub1))[0], ub0), b_neg.where(n[1], ub1)
q, r = (z:=UOp.const(dtypes.uint, 0), z), (z, z)
for i in range(63, -1, -1):
r = l2i(Ops.SHL, dtypes.uint, *r, UOp.const(dtypes.uint, 1), z)
r = (r[0] | l2i(Ops.SHR, dtypes.uint, a0, a1, UOp.const(dtypes.uint, i), z)[0] & 1), r[1]
cond = l2i(Ops.CMPLT, dtypes.uint, *r, b0, b1).logical_not()
diff = l2i(Ops.SUB, dtypes.uint, *r, b0, b1)
q = ((q[0] | shl(cond.cast(dtypes.uint), i % 32), q[1]) if i < 32 else (q[0], q[1] | shl(cond.cast(dtypes.uint), i % 32)))
r = l2i(Ops.WHERE, dtypes.uint, cond, *diff, *r)
if dt == dtypes.int:
(nq0, nq1), (nr0, nr1) = l2i(Ops.BITCAST, dt, *l2i(Ops.NEG, dtypes.uint, *q)), l2i(Ops.BITCAST, dt, *l2i(Ops.NEG, dtypes.uint, *r))
(q0, q1), (r0, r1) = l2i(Ops.BITCAST, dt, *q), l2i(Ops.BITCAST, dt, *r)
return (a_neg.where(nr0, r0), a_neg.where(nr1, r1)) if op == Ops.CMOD else ((a_neg^b_neg).where(nq0, q0), (a_neg^b_neg).where(nq1, q1))
return (r[0].bitcast(dt), r[1].bitcast(dt)) if op == Ops.CMOD else (q[0].bitcast(dt), q[1].bitcast(dt))
case Ops.CMPLT: return (a1 < b1) | ((a1.eq(b1)) & (a0.bitcast(dtypes.uint) < b0.bitcast(dtypes.uint)))
case Ops.CMPEQ: return a0.eq(b0) & a1.eq(b1)
case Ops.CMPNE: return a0.ne(b0) | a1.ne(b1)
case Ops.XOR | Ops.OR | Ops.AND: return UOp(op, dt, src=(a0, b0)), UOp(op, dt, src=(a1, b1))
case Ops.WHERE: return uops[0].where(uops[1], uops[3]), uops[0].where(uops[2], uops[4])
case Ops.MAX: return l2i(Ops.WHERE, dt, l2i(Ops.CMPLT, dt, *uops), b0, b1, a0, a1)
case _: raise NotImplementedError(f"long decomposition of {op} unsupported")
# ***** floats *****
f2f_dt = { f:getattr(dtypes, f"uint{f.bitsize}") for f in dtypes.floats }
def rne(v: UOp, s) -> UOp: return shr(v, s) + ((shr(v, s - 1) & 1) & ((v & ((1 << (s - 1)) - 1)).ne(0).cast(v.dtype) | (shr(v, s) & 1)))
def f2f(v, fr:DType, to:DType):
fs, fb, (fe, fm), ts, tb, (te, tm) = fr.bitsize, exponent_bias(fr), dtypes.finfo(fr), to.bitsize, exponent_bias(to), dtypes.finfo(to)
# NB: denormals are zero!
if fe <= te and fm < tm:
sign, nosign = shl((v & shl(1, fs-1)).cast(f2f_dt[to]), ts - fs), (v & (shl(1, fs-1) - 1)).cast(f2f_dt[to])
exp, norm = shr(nosign, fm), shl(nosign, tm - fm) + shl(tb - fb, tm)
nan = shl(nosign, tm - fm) | shl((shl(1, te) - 1), tm)
if fr in dtypes.fp8_fnuz:
fnuz_nan = sign.ne(0) & nosign.eq(0)
qnan = shl(shl(1, te) - 1, tm) | shl(1, tm - 1)
return fnuz_nan.where(qnan, sign | exp.eq(0).where(0, norm)).bitcast(to)
# fp8e4m3 has only one nan
is_nan = (nosign.eq(shl(1, fm + fe) - 1) if fr == dtypes.fp8e4m3 else exp.eq(shl(1, fe) - 1))
return (sign | exp.eq(0).where(0, is_nan.where(nan, norm))).bitcast(to)
elif fe >= te and fm > tm:
v = f2f_clamp(v.bitcast(fr), to).bitcast(f2f_dt[fr])
sign, nosign = shr(v, fs - ts) & shl(1, ts - 1), v & (shl(1, fs - 1) - 1)
norm = (rne(nosign, fm - tm) - shl(fb - tb, tm)).cast(f2f_dt[to])
underflow = (shr(v, fm) & (shl(1, fe) - 1)) < (1 + fb - tb)
nan_mantissa = (shl(1, tm) - 1) if to == dtypes.fp8e4m3 else (shr(nosign, fm - tm) & (shl(1, tm) - 1))
nan = (sign | nan_mantissa | shl(shl(1, te) - 1, tm)).cast(f2f_dt[to])
is_nan = (shr(v, fm) & (shl(1, fe) - 1)).eq(shl(1, fe) - 1)
if to in dtypes.fp8_fnuz: return is_nan.where(shl(1, ts - 1), underflow.where(0, sign.cast(f2f_dt[to]) | norm))
return is_nan.where(nan, sign.cast(f2f_dt[to]) | underflow.where(0, norm))
else: raise NotImplementedError(f"unsupported decomp {fr} -> {to}")
def f2f_clamp(val:UOp, dt:DType) -> UOp:
e, m = dtypes.finfo(dt)
if dt in dtypes.fp8_fnuz: max_exp, max_man = (1 << e) - 1, (1 << m) - 1
else: max_exp, max_man = ((1 << e) - 1, (1 << m) - 2) if dt == dtypes.fp8e4m3 else ((1 << e) - 2, (1 << m) - 1)
mx = val.const_like(2.0**(max_exp - exponent_bias(dt)) * (1.0 + max_man / (1 << m)))
sat = mx if dt in dtypes.fp8s else val.const_like(float('inf'))
# FIXME: CMPLT of nan is undefined
return val.ne(val).where(val, (val < -mx).where(-sat, (mx < val).where(sat, val)))
def f2f_load(x: UOp, fr:DType, to:DType) -> UOp:
if (n:=x.dtype.count) == 1: return f2f(x.replace(dtype=f2f_dt[fr]), fr, to)
return UOp.vectorize(*(f2f(x.replace(dtype=f2f_dt[fr], src=(reindex(x.src[0].src[0], i, 1),)), fr, to) for i in range(n)))
def f2f_store(st, idx, val, fr:DType, to:DType):
if (n:=val.dtype.count) == 1: return st.replace(src=(idx, f2f(val.bitcast(f2f_dt[to]), to, fr)))
return UOp.group(*(st.replace(src=(reindex(idx, i, 1), f2f(val.gep(i).bitcast(f2f_dt[to]), to, fr))) for i in range(n)))
# ***** decomposition patterns *****
@functools.cache
def get_transcendental_patterns(ops:tuple[Ops, ...], force_transcendental:bool) -> PatternMatcher:
pat: list[tuple[UPat, Callable]] = []
for op,f in ((Ops.EXP2, xexp2), (Ops.LOG2, xlog2), (Ops.SIN, xsin)):
if op not in ops or force_transcendental:
pat += [(UPat(op, dtype=TRANSCENDENTAL_DTYPES, src=(UPat.var("d"),)), f),
(UPat(op, dtype=tuple(dt for dt in dtypes.floats if dt not in TRANSCENDENTAL_DTYPES), src=(UPat.var("d"),), name="x"),
lambda x,d: d.cast(dtypes.float32).alu(x.op).cast(x.dtype))]
# rewrite SQRT to xpow 0.5
if Ops.SQRT not in ops or force_transcendental: pat.append((UPat(Ops.SQRT, src=UPat.var("d")), lambda d: xpow(d, d.const_like(0.5))))
return PatternMatcher(pat)
def floordiv_to_idiv(a:UOp, b:UOp) -> UOp:
if (a.vmin >= 0 and b.vmin > 0) or (a.vmax <= 0 and b.vmax < 0): return a.alu(Ops.CDIV, b)
return a.alu(Ops.CDIV, b) - (a.alu(Ops.CMOD, b).ne(0) & (a<0).ne(b<0)).cast(a.dtype)
def floormod_to_mod(a:UOp, b:UOp) -> UOp:
if (a.vmin >= 0 and b.vmin > 0) or (a.vmax <= 0 and b.vmax < 0): return a.alu(Ops.CMOD, b)
r = a.alu(Ops.CMOD, b)
# use where instead of mul to avoid being fused into MULACC (which int64 long-decomp doesn't handle)
return r + (r.ne(0) & (a<0).ne(b<0)).where(b, b.const_like(0))
powers_of_two: dict[int, int] = {2**i:i for i in range(64)}
@functools.cache
def get_late_rewrite_patterns(ops:tuple[Ops, ...], disable_fast_idiv:bool) -> PatternMatcher:
pat: list[tuple[UPat, Callable]] = [(UPat.var("a")//UPat.var("b"), floordiv_to_idiv)]
# FLOORMOD by 2**y -> x & (2**y-1) (correct floor mod for any sign in two's complement); fires before floormod_to_mod
if Ops.AND in ops: pat.append((UPat.var("x", dtypes.ints)%UPat.cvar("c"), lambda x,c: x & (c.arg-1) if c.arg in powers_of_two else None))
pat.append((UPat.var("a")%UPat.var("b"), floormod_to_mod))
# no real hardware supports THREEFRY, but NullRenderer does
if Ops.THREEFRY not in ops: pat.append((UPat(Ops.THREEFRY, dtype=dtypes.uint64, src=(UPat.var("x"), UPat.var("key"))), threefry2x32))
# MAX can be rewritten as CMPLT + WHERE (max function is annoying on many cstyle backends)
if Ops.MAX not in ops and Ops.CMPLT in ops: pat.append((UPat(Ops.MAX, name="m"), lambda m: (m.src[0] < m.src[1]).where(m.src[1], m.src[0])))
if Ops.OR in ops: pat += [(UPat.var("x", dtypes.bool).logical_not()&UPat.var("y", dtypes.bool).logical_not(),
lambda x,y: (x | y).logical_not())]
# rewrite MUL/CDIV to SHL+SHR: x*(2**y) -> shl(x,y) and x//(2**y) -> shr(x,y)
if Ops.SHL in ops: pat += [(UPat.var("x", dtypes.ints)*UPat.cvar("c"), lambda c,x: x << v if (v:=powers_of_two.get(c.arg, 0)) else None)]
if Ops.SHR in ops:
# uint CDIV by 2**v -> x >> v (FLOORDIV is lowered to CDIV by the rule above before reaching here)
pat += [(UPat(Ops.CDIV, src=(UPat.var("x", dtypes.uints), UPat.cvar("c"))),
lambda x,c: x >> v if (v:=powers_of_two.get(c.arg, 0)) else None)]
# signed CDIV (trunc) by 2**v -> (x + (x<0 ? c-1 : 0)) >> v
pat += [(UPat(Ops.CDIV, src=(UPat.var("x", dtypes.ints), UPat.cvar("c"))),
lambda x,c: (x+(l.const_like(l.vmin) if (l:=(x<0)).vmin==l.vmax else l).where(c-1, 0)) >> v
if (v:=powers_of_two.get(c.arg, 0)) else None)]
if not disable_fast_idiv:
# fast_idiv handles non-pow2: only fire on non-negative inputs (signed magic-mul is unreliable for x<0)
pat += [(UPat(Ops.CDIV, src=(UPat.var("x", dtypes.ints), UPat.cvar("d", vec=False))),
lambda ctx, x, d: fast_idiv(ctx, x, d.arg) if x.vmin >= 0 or x.dtype in dtypes.uints else None)]
# rewrite raw CMOD -> x - d*CDIV(x,d) so fast_idiv can pick up the CDIV. only on non-negative inputs;
# avoids disturbing floormod_to_mod's general-path output (which uses a trunc Ops.CMOD as an implementation detail)
pat += [(UPat(Ops.CMOD, src=(UPat.var("x", dtypes.ints), UPat.var("d"))),
lambda x, d: x - d * x.alu(Ops.CDIV, d) if x.vmin >= 0 or x.dtype in dtypes.uints else None)]
if Ops.NEG in ops:
pat += [(UPat.var('x')*-1, lambda ctx,x: x.alu(Ops.NEG))]
if Ops.SUB in ops: pat += [(UPat.var('x')+UPat.var('y').alu(Ops.NEG), lambda ctx,x,y: x.alu(Ops.SUB, y))]
if Ops.CMPLT in ops:
# These are late rewrites because simplex expects equalities to be a certain format
pat += [
((UPat.var("x", dtypes.sints) < UPat.cvar("c", dtypes.sints)).logical_not(), lambda x,c: c-1<x),
((UPat.cvar("c", dtypes.sints) < UPat.var("x", dtypes.sints)).logical_not(), lambda x,c: x<c+1),
(UPat.var("x", dtypes.sints)*-1 < UPat.var("y", dtypes.sints)*UPat.cvar("c"), lambda x,y,c: y*(-c)<x),
(UPat.var("x", dtypes.sints)*-1 < UPat.cvar("c"), lambda x,c:-c<x),
((UPat.cvar("c1",vec=False)<UPat.var("x", dtypes.sints)) & (UPat.var("x", dtypes.sints)<UPat.cvar("c2",vec=False)),
lambda x,c1,c2: x.eq(c1+1) if c1.arg+1==c2.arg-1 else None), # (c-1)<x & x<(c+1) -> x==c
]
if Ops.CMPEQ in ops: pat += [(UPat.var('x').ne(UPat.var('y')).logical_not(), lambda x,y: x.alu(Ops.CMPEQ, y))]
if Ops.MULACC in ops:
pat += [(UPat.var('a')*UPat.var('b')+UPat.var('c'), lambda a,b,c: a.alu(Ops.MULACC, b, c))]
# also fuse (x << n) + c → MULACC(x, 2^n, c) since MUL→SHL may run first
if Ops.SHL in ops: pat += [(UPat.var('x').alu(Ops.SHL, UPat.cvar('n'))+UPat.var('c'), lambda x,n,c: x.alu(Ops.MULACC, x.const_like(1<<n.arg), c))]
# some backends emit FDIV for RECIP, in that case: a*(1/b) -> a/b
if Ops.FDIV in ops:
pat += [(UPat.var("x").reciprocal(), lambda x: x.const_like(1).alu(Ops.FDIV, x))]
pat += [(UPat.var("a", dtypes.floats) * UPat.const(dtypes.floats, 1).alu(Ops.FDIV, UPat.var("b")), lambda a,b: a.alu(Ops.FDIV, b))]
return PatternMatcher(pat)
pm_long_decomp = PatternMatcher([
(UPat((*GroupOp.Defines, Ops.INDEX), name="x"), lambda x:
x.replace(dtype=l2i_dt[x.dtype.base].ptr(x.dtype.size * 2)) if hasattr(x.dtype, 'size') and x.dtype.base in l2i_dt else None),
(UPat(Ops.INDEX, tuple(l2i_dt.keys()), name='x'), lambda x: reindex(x, x.tag).replace(dtype=l2i_dt[x.dtype])),
(UPat(Ops.STORE, src=(UPat.var('idx'), UPat.var('val', tuple(l2i_dt.keys()))), name='st'), lambda st,idx,val:
st.replace(src=(reindex(idx, 0), val.rtag(0))).group(st.replace(src=(reindex(idx, 1), val.rtag(1)))) if val.tag is None else None),
(UPat(GroupOp.Comparison, src=(UPat.var('a', tuple(l2i_dt.keys())), UPat.var('b', tuple(l2i_dt.keys()))), name="x"), lambda a,b,x:
l2i(x.op, dt:=l2i_dt[a.dtype], a.rtag(0).cast(dt), a.rtag(1).cast(dt), b.rtag(0).cast(dt), b.rtag(1).cast(dt))),
(UPat(Ops.CAST, tuple(l2i_dt.keys()), src=(UPat.var('a'),), name="x"), lambda a,x:
l2i(x.op, x.dtype, a)[x.tag] if x.tag is not None and a.dtype not in l2i_dt else None),
(UPat(Ops.CAST, tuple(l2i_dt.keys()), src=(UPat.var('a', tuple(l2i_dt.keys())),), name="x"), lambda a,x:
(a.rtag(0).cast(dt:=l2i_dt[a.dtype]).bitcast(xdt:=l2i_dt[x.dtype]), a.rtag(1).cast(dt).bitcast(xdt))[x.tag]),
(UPat(Ops.CAST, src=(UPat.var('a', tuple(l2i_dt.keys())),), name="x"), lambda a,x:
l2i(x.op, x.dtype, a.rtag(0).cast(dt:=l2i_dt[a.dtype]), a.rtag(1).cast(dt)) if x.dtype not in l2i_dt and a.tag is None else None),
(UPat((*(GroupOp.ALU - GroupOp.Comparison), Ops.BITCAST), tuple(l2i_dt.keys()), name="x"), lambda x:
l2i(x.op, l2i_dt[x.dtype], *flatten((a.rtag(0).cast(dt:=l2i_dt[x.src[-1].dtype]), a.rtag(1).cast(dt))
if a.dtype in l2i_dt else (a,) for a in x.src))[x.tag] if x.tag is not None else None),
(UPat(Ops.LOAD, tuple(l2i_dt.keys()), src=(UPat.var('idx'),), name='x'), lambda x,idx: x.replace(dtype=l2i_dt[x.dtype],src=(reindex(idx, x.tag),))),
(UPat(Ops.CONST, tuple(l2i_dt.keys()), name='x'), lambda x:
UOp.const(dt:=l2i_dt[x.dtype], truncate[dt]((x.arg >> 32) if x.tag == 1 else (x.arg & 0xFFFFFFFF))))
])
# float decomposition patterns - ctx is (fr, to) tuple
pm_float_decomp = PatternMatcher([
(UPat((*GroupOp.Defines, Ops.INDEX), name="x"), lambda ctx,x:
x.replace(dtype=f2f_dt[ctx[0]].ptr(x.dtype.size), tag=ctx[0]) if x.dtype.base == ctx[0] else None),
(UPat(Ops.LOAD, dtypes.floats, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f2f_load(x, *ctx) if x.dtype.scalar() == ctx[0] else None),
# bitcasted load should just replace load
(UPat(Ops.BITCAST, src=(UPat(Ops.LOAD, name="ld"),), name="bc"), lambda ctx,bc,ld:
ld.replace(dtype=f2f_dt[ctx[0]]).bitcast(bc.dtype) if ld.dtype == ctx[0] else None),
# bitcast from
(UPat(Ops.BITCAST, src=(UPat.var("x", dtypes.floats),), name="bc"), lambda ctx,bc,x:
bc.replace(src=(f2f(x.bitcast(f2f_dt[ctx[1]]), ctx[1], ctx[0]),)) if x.dtype == ctx[1] and bc.dtype.bitsize == ctx[0].bitsize else None),
# bitcast to
(UPat(Ops.BITCAST, src=(UPat.var("x"),), name="bc"), lambda ctx,bc,x:
f2f(x.bitcast(f2f_dt[ctx[0]]), ctx[0], ctx[1]) if bc.dtype == ctx[0] else None),
(UPat(Ops.CAST, dtypes.floats, src=(UPat.var("val"),), name="x"), lambda ctx,x,val:
f2f_clamp(val.cast(ctx[1]), ctx[0]) if x.dtype.scalar() == ctx[0] else None),
(UPat(GroupOp.All-{Ops.BITCAST}, dtypes.floats, name="x"), lambda ctx,x:
x.replace(dtype=ctx[1].vec(x.dtype.count), src=tuple(s.cast(ctx[1]) if s.dtype == ctx[0] else s for s in x.src))
if x.dtype.scalar() == ctx[0] else None),
(UPat(Ops.STORE, src=(UPat.var("idx"), UPat(Ops.BITCAST, dtypes.floats, name="val")), name='st'), lambda ctx,st,idx,val:
st.replace(src=(idx, val.replace(dtype=f2f_dt[ctx[0]]))) if val.dtype == ctx[0] and idx.tag == ctx[0] else None),
(UPat(Ops.STORE, src=(UPat.var("idx"), UPat.var("val", dtypes.floats)), name='st'), lambda ctx,st,idx,val:
f2f_store(st, idx, val, *ctx) if val.dtype.scalar() == ctx[1] and (idx:=idx.src[0] if idx.op == Ops.CAST else idx).tag == ctx[0] else None),
])
def do_dtype_decomps(sink:UOp, ctx:tuple[set[DType], Target]) -> UOp:
def _should_emulate(dt): return dt in EMULATED_DTYPES.tolist(dtypes) or not is_dtype_supported(dt, ctx[1])
for fr in sorted(filter(_should_emulate, ctx[0])):
if fr in dtypes.floats:
to = dtypes.half if not _should_emulate(dtypes.half) and fr in dtypes.fp8s else dtypes.float
sink = graph_rewrite(sink, pm_float_decomp, name=f"decomp {fr} -> {to}", ctx=(fr, to), bottom_up=True)
else: sink = graph_rewrite(sink, pm_long_decomp, name="decomp long -> int", bottom_up=True)
return sink
pm_dtype_decomps = PatternMatcher([
# detect dtypes to decompose
(UPat(GroupOp.All, (*dtypes.fp8s, dtypes.bfloat16, dtypes.half, dtypes.long, dtypes.ulong), name="x"), lambda x,ctx:
ctx[0].add({dtypes.ulong:dtypes.long}.get(dt:=x.dtype.base.scalar(), dt))),
# do the rewrites
(UPat(Ops.SINK, name="sink"), do_dtype_decomps),
])