diff --git a/openpilot/selfdrive/selfdrived/selfdrived.py b/openpilot/selfdrive/selfdrived/selfdrived.py
index 17556482a2..fec6aab604 100644
--- a/openpilot/selfdrive/selfdrived/selfdrived.py
+++ b/openpilot/selfdrive/selfdrived/selfdrived.py
@@ -803,12 +803,12 @@ class SelfdriveD:
 
     return CS
 
-  def held_axis_override_wait(self, CS, proof, now_ns):
+  def held_axis_override_wait(self, CS, proof, now_ns, *, fresh_successor=False):
     """Recognize an already applied override; never admit a new physical edge."""
     if (proof is None or not (qualified_ioniq6(self.CP) or qualified_gm(self.CP)) or not self.sm.seen['carControl'] or
         not self.sm.valid['carControl'] or self.sm['carControl'].longActive or
         not 0 < int(self.sm.logMonoTime['carControl']) <= now_ns or
-        now_ns - int(self.sm.logMonoTime['carControl']) > INTENT_MAX_AGE_NS):
+        not fresh_successor and now_ns - int(self.sm.logMonoTime['carControl']) > INTENT_MAX_AGE_NS):
       return False, False
     previous = self.CS_prev
     samples = getattr(self, 'car_state_samples', ()) or ((CS, self.conditional_car_state_valid),)
@@ -1273,6 +1273,17 @@ class SelfdriveD:
     source_ns = self.aol_car_state_log_ns
     intent = getattr(self, 'aol_last_intent', None)
     companion = getattr(self, 'aol_intent_companion', None)
+    fresh_successor = bool(proof[1] < source_ns <= now_ns and now_ns - source_ns <= INTENT_MAX_AGE_NS and
+        self.conditional_car_state_valid and CS.canValid and not CS.canTimeout and
+        intent is not None and intent.carStateLogMonoTime == source_ns and
+        intent.producerSessionId == proof[4] and intent.settingsQualified and
+        0 < intent.observedMonoTime <= now_ns <= intent.validUntilMonoTime and
+        now_ns - intent.observedMonoTime <= INTENT_MAX_AGE_NS and
+        companion is not None and companion.integrity_epoch == proof[5] and
+        decision.native_acknowledged and not self.aol_authority_lost and
+        getattr(self, 'aol_fault_reason', 'none') == 'none' and
+        not self.events.contains(ET.IMMEDIATE_DISABLE) and
+        (not decision.longitudinal_active or self.enabled and self.active))
     user_disable = self.events.contains(ET.USER_DISABLE)
     if user_disable:
       from opendbc.car.hyundai.canfd_angle_aol import qualified as angle_qualified
@@ -1287,21 +1298,17 @@ class SelfdriveD:
         if stock_lateral_role(self, CS, native, intent, allow_independent_cancel=True,
                               allow_independent_brake=True, now_ns=now_ns):
           user_disable = False
-    if user_disable and self.held_axis_override_wait(CS, proof, now_ns)[0]:
-      # A moving held brake repeats pedalPressed while ordinary control is
-      # already disabled. Its existing lateral-only override is not a new edge.
-      user_disable = any(event.userDisable and event.name != EventName.pedalPressed for event in self.events.to_msg())
-    if (proof[1] < source_ns <= now_ns and now_ns - source_ns <= INTENT_MAX_AGE_NS and
-        self.conditional_car_state_valid and CS.canValid and not CS.canTimeout and
-        intent is not None and intent.carStateLogMonoTime == source_ns and
-        intent.producerSessionId == proof[4] and intent.settingsQualified and
-        0 < intent.observedMonoTime <= now_ns <= intent.validUntilMonoTime and
-        now_ns - intent.observedMonoTime <= INTENT_MAX_AGE_NS and
-        companion is not None and companion.integrity_epoch == proof[5] and
-        decision.native_acknowledged and not self.aol_authority_lost and
-        getattr(self, 'aol_fault_reason', 'none') == 'none' and
-        not user_disable and not self.events.contains(ET.IMMEDIATE_DISABLE) and
-        (not decision.longitudinal_active or self.enabled and self.active)):
+    if user_disable and self.held_axis_override_wait(CS, proof, now_ns, fresh_successor=fresh_successor and qualified_gm(self.CP))[0]:
+      # A fresh same-owner source can establish its own LAT permission after
+      # an old output expires. Held-brake continuity does not renew that output;
+      # the current native proof below still has to grant the new decision.
+      stock_already_off = bool(fresh_successor and qualified_gm(self.CP) and self.CP.pcmCruise and
+        not self.CP.openpilotLongitudinalControl and not CS.cruiseState.enabled and
+        not self.CS_prev.cruiseState.enabled and all(valid and not sample.cruiseState.enabled
+          for sample, valid in getattr(self, 'car_state_samples', ())))
+      user_disable = any(event.userDisable and event.name != EventName.pedalPressed and not
+        (stock_already_off and event.name == EventName.pcmDisable) for event in self.events.to_msg())
+    if fresh_successor and not user_disable:
       native = current_native(self.sm, self.CP, now_ns=now_ns, axis_session_id=self.aol_session_id)
       prior_native = getattr(self, 'aol_published_input_native', None)
       if (native is not None and prior_native is not None and native.pandaSerial == prior_native.pandaSerial and
diff --git a/openpilot/starpilot/aol/tests/test_final_source_handoff.py b/openpilot/starpilot/aol/tests/test_final_source_handoff.py
index 5f9691874f..255a3747d3 100644
--- a/openpilot/starpilot/aol/tests/test_final_source_handoff.py
+++ b/openpilot/starpilot/aol/tests/test_final_source_handoff.py
@@ -54,6 +54,10 @@ def test_final_handoff_full_owner(mode, condition):
       assert command.longActive == (mode == 'ordinary')
       deadline = original.validUntilMonoTime
       now = [BASE + 29_900_000]
+      def empty_control_receive(timeout):
+        assert timeout == 0
+        actual_update_msgs(now[0] / 1e9, [])
+      cleanup.enter_context(mock.patch.object(controls.sm, 'update', side_effect=empty_control_receive))
       queued, wires = deque(), deque()
       decisions, samples, states, deferred_proofs = [], [], [], []
       original_receive = messaging.recv_one_or_none
diff --git a/openpilot/starpilot/aol/tests/test_gm_held_brake_successor.py b/openpilot/starpilot/aol/tests/test_gm_held_brake_successor.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d56d5bdaa7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/openpilot/starpilot/aol/tests/test_gm_held_brake_successor.py
@@ -0,0 +1,446 @@
+"""SDGM fresh held-brake successor across the recorded source/decision timing pair.
+
+Model/readiness and receive transport are bench fixtures; ECU I/O is skipped.
+Neither ordinary controls_allowed nor an active steering command is seeded.
+"""
+
+from contextlib import ExitStack
+from unittest.mock import patch
+
+import pytest
+from opendbc.can import CANPacker
+from opendbc.car import Bus, structs
+from opendbc.car.gm.tests.test_volt_sdgm_control import sdgm_params
+from opendbc.car.gm.values import DBC
+from opendbc.safety.tests.libsafety import libsafety_py as native
+from openpilot.cereal import messaging
+from openpilot.common.prefix import OpenpilotPrefix
+from openpilot.starpilot.aol.intent import read_settings
+from openpilot.starpilot.aol.tests import test_gm as gm
+from openpilot.starpilot.aol.tests import test_ioniq_availability as fixture
+from openpilot.starpilot.aol.tests.test_gm_startup_main import parsed_packets
+from openpilot.starpilot.aol.wire import PandaSlot, SafetyState, encode_safety
+from openpilot.starpilot.lateral.tests.test_lane_runtime import feed
+
+
+def sdgm_packets(cp, packer, now, tick, speed, main, gesture):
+  speed = (5.858360767 if tick < 390 else 5.836455345) if speed > 0 else 0.0
+  frames = parsed_packets(cp, packer, now, tick, speed, main)
+  engine = packer.make_can_msg(
+    "ECMEngineStatus",
+    0,
+    {"CruiseMainOn": int(main), "BrakePressed": int(tick > 300)},
+  )
+  brake = packer.make_can_msg("ECMAcceleratorPos", 0, {"BrakePedalPos": 8 if tick > 300 else 0})
+  frames = [f for f in frames if f[0] not in (engine[0], brake[0])]
+  return frames + [engine, brake]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("alpha", [False, True])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("c9", [False, True])
+def test_actual_sdgm_held_brake_fresh_successor_after_expired_output(c9, alpha):
+  exercise_sdgm(c9=c9, alpha=alpha)
+
+
+def exercise_sdgm(c9, alpha, condition="healthy"):
+  main_action = 0
+  gesture = "held_brake"
+  cp = sdgm_params(alpha=alpha, brake_c9=c9)
+  packet_factory = sdgm_packets
+  below_engage = False
+  case = fixture.IoniqAvailabilityTests(methodName="runTest")
+  with OpenpilotPrefix(), ExitStack() as cleanup:
+    cleanup.callback(case.doCleanups)
+    sd, controls, step = case._authority_callers(False, cp=cp, genuine_events=True)
+    sd.params.put("MainCruiseButtonControl", main_action, block=True)
+    sd.aol_settings = read_settings(sd.params)
+    # The initial real Controls result is disabled because no authority wire exists.
+    # This boot-neutral fixture establishes no Panda grant or active output.
+    feed(controls, 10_000_000_000, 0, active=False, enabled=False)
+    boot, boot_log = controls.state_control()
+    assert not boot.latActive and not boot.longActive
+    controls.publish(boot, boot_log)
+    card = gm.TestGmAol.card(cp, sd.params)
+    cleanup.callback(card.vehicle_startup.close)
+    card.ci_initialized = True
+    card.car_params_published = True
+    card.sm.frame = 1
+    assert card.CP.to_dict() == sd.CP.to_dict() == controls.CP.to_dict()
+    original_pm = card.pm
+    captured = {}
+    intent_queue = []
+    companion_queue = []
+    original_optional = messaging.recv_one_or_none
+
+    def deliver(sock):
+      if sd.steering_companion is not None and sock is sd.steering_companion.sock:
+        return companion_queue.pop(0) if companion_queue else None
+      if sd.aol_intent_companion is not None and sock is sd.aol_intent_companion.sock:
+        return intent_queue.pop(0) if intent_queue else None
+      return original_optional(sock)
+
+    cleanup.enter_context(
+      patch(
+        "openpilot.selfdrive.selfdrived.selfdrived.messaging.recv_one_or_none",
+        side_effect=deliver,
+      )
+    )
+
+    class Tee:
+      def send(self, service, message):
+        original_pm.send(service, message)
+        event = messaging.log_from_bytes(message) if isinstance(message, bytes) else message.as_reader()
+        captured[service] = event.as_builder()
+        if service == "aolIntentWire":
+          intent_queue.append(event)
+        if service == "starpilotCarState":
+          companion_queue.append(event)
+
+    card.pm = Tee()
+    sd_receive = sd.sm.update_msgs
+    last_sd_control_stamp = 0
+
+    def receive_sd(stamp, rows):
+      nonlocal last_sd_control_stamp
+      # Deliver the original last published Controls envelope without renewing its source.
+      published = controls.pm.messages.get("carControl")
+      rows = [r for r in rows if r.which() != "carControl"]
+      if published is not None and published.logMonoTime != last_sd_control_stamp:
+        rows.append(published)
+        last_sd_control_stamp = int(published.logMonoTime)
+      return sd_receive(stamp, rows)
+
+    cleanup.enter_context(patch.object(sd.sm, "update_msgs", side_effect=receive_sd))
+    safety = native.libsafety
+    safety.init_tests()
+    safety.set_alternative_experience(cp.alternativeExperience)
+    assert safety.set_safety_hooks(4, cp.safetyConfigs[0].safetyParam) == 0
+    # Establish actual neutral producer cadence before Card publishes carOutput.
+    card_receive = card.sm.update_msgs
+    card_receive(10.0, [controls.pm.messages["carControl"]])
+    boot_rows = []
+    with patch.object(
+      controls.sm,
+      "update_msgs",
+      side_effect=lambda stamp, rows: boot_rows.extend(rows),
+    ):
+      feed(controls, 10_010_000_000, 1, active=False, enabled=False)
+    controls.sm.update_msgs(10.01, boot_rows)
+    clocked = messaging.new_message
+    with patch(
+      "openpilot.selfdrive.controls.controlsd.messaging.new_message",
+      side_effect=lambda *args, **kwargs: clocked(*args, **dict(kwargs, logMonoTime=10_010_000_000)),
+    ):
+      neutral, neutral_log = controls.state_control()
+      assert not neutral.latActive and not neutral.longActive
+      controls.publish(neutral, neutral_log)
+    card_receive(10.01, [controls.pm.messages["carControl"]])
+    last_control_stamp = int(controls.pm.messages["carControl"].logMonoTime)
+    delivered = {}
+
+    if card.volt_cc_selected:
+      # Establish the real clock floor before any fresh physical/control input.
+      with (
+        patch(
+          "openpilot.selfdrive.car.card.time.monotonic_ns",
+          return_value=10_010_000_000,
+        ),
+        patch(
+          "openpilot.selfdrive.car.card.time.clock_gettime_ns",
+          return_value=10_010_000_000,
+        ),
+      ):
+        assert not card.volt_cc_control_current()
+
+    def wire_batch(now):
+      mask = safety.aol_get_permission_mask()
+      request = safety.aol_get_request_mask()
+      invalid = not safety.safety_config_valid()
+      relay = safety.get_relay_malfunction()
+      p = messaging.new_message("pandaStates", 1, valid=True, logMonoTime=now)
+      slot = p.pandaStates[0]
+      slot.safetyModel = 4
+      slot.safetyParam = cp.safetyConfigs[0].safetyParam
+      slot.alternativeExperience = cp.alternativeExperience
+      slot.controlsAllowed = safety.get_controls_allowed()
+      slot.safetyRxChecksInvalid = invalid
+      slot.faults = ["relayMalfunction"] if relay else []
+      w = messaging.new_message("aolSafetyWire", 0, valid=True, logMonoTime=now)
+      w.aolSafetyWire = encode_safety(
+        SafetyState(
+          1,
+          True,
+          now,
+          now + 200_000_000,
+          4,
+          cp.safetyConfigs[0].safetyParam,
+          bool(mask & 1),
+          bool(mask & 2),
+          bool(request & 1),
+          bool(request & 2),
+          "authority-panda",
+          sd.aol_session_id,
+          now,
+          (
+            PandaSlot(
+              0,
+              "authority-panda",
+              4,
+              cp.safetyConfigs[0].safetyParam,
+              cp.alternativeExperience,
+              safety.get_controls_allowed(),
+              invalid,
+              False,
+              1 if relay else 0,
+            ),
+          ),
+        )
+      )
+      return p.as_reader(), w.as_reader()
+
+    def receive_card(now, *, control=True):
+      nonlocal last_control_stamp
+      rows = list(wire_batch(now))
+      if card.volt_cc_selected:
+        device = messaging.new_message("deviceState", valid=True, logMonoTime=now)
+        device.deviceState.started, device.deviceState.startedMonoTime = (
+          True,
+          9_000_000_000,
+        )
+        rows.append(device.as_reader())
+      rows += [sd.pm.messages[k] for k in ("aolAxisState", "selfdriveState", "onroadEvents") if k in sd.pm.messages]
+      published = controls.pm.messages["carControl"]
+      if control and published.logMonoTime != last_control_stamp:
+        rows.append(published)
+        last_control_stamp = int(published.logMonoTime)
+      unique = []
+      for event in rows:
+        name = event.which()
+        key = (int(event.logMonoTime), event.as_builder().to_bytes())
+        if delivered.get(name) != key:
+          unique.append(event)
+          delivered[name] = key
+      card_receive(now / 1e9, unique)
+
+    packer = CANPacker(DBC[cp.carFingerprint][Bus.pt])
+
+    def physical(tick, stamp, driving):
+      speed = max(4.0, cp.minSteerSpeed + 2.0)
+      if below_engage:
+        assert speed < cp.minEnableSpeed
+      else:
+        speed = max(speed, cp.minEnableSpeed + 2.0)
+      packets = packet_factory(cp, packer, stamp, tick - 100, speed if driving else 0.0, True, gesture)
+      packets = [f for f in packets if f[0] not in (0x1F5, 0x12A, 0x184, 0x17D)]
+      if cp.pcmCruise and cp.networkLocation == structs.CarParams.NetworkLocation.fwdCamera:
+        address = packer.make_can_msg("ASCMActiveCruiseControlStatus", 2, {})[0]
+        packets = [f for f in packets if not (f[0] == address and f[2] == 2)]
+        # Factory camera reports adaptive standby, not non-adaptive cruise mode.
+        packets.append(packer.make_can_msg("ASCMActiveCruiseControlStatus", 2, {"ACCCruiseState": 2}))
+      packets += [
+        packer.make_can_msg("ESPStatus", 0, {"TractionControlOn": 1}),
+        packer.make_can_msg("ECMPRDNL2", 0, {"PRNDL2": 4 if driving else 1}),
+        packer.make_can_msg("BCMDoorBeltStatus", 0, {"LeftSeatBelt": int(driving)}),
+        packer.make_can_msg("PSCMStatus", 0, {"LKATorqueDeliveredStatus": int(driving)}),
+      ]
+      return packets
+
+    for warm in range(100):
+      stamp = 9_000_000_000 + warm * 10_000_000
+      safety.set_timer(stamp // 1000)
+      safety.set_aol_test_heartbeat(True)
+      safety.aol_set_host_request(0)
+      packets = physical(warm, stamp, False)
+      for a, data, bus in packets:
+        safety.safety_fwd_hook(bus, a)
+        assert safety.safety_rx_hook(native.make_CANPacket(a, bus, data))
+      card.CI.update([(stamp, packets)])
+      safety.safety_tick()
+    assert safety.safety_config_valid() and safety.aol_get_permission_mask() == 0
+    tx = 0
+    active = 0
+    checkpoints = {}
+    old_axis = None
+    for tick in range(1, 391):
+      now = 10_020_000_000 + (tick - 1) * 10_000_000
+      if tick == 390:
+        now += 20_271_875
+      decision_ns = now + (6_268_334 if tick == 389 else 11_981_615 if tick == 390 else 0)
+      driving = tick > 300
+      safety.set_timer(now // 1000)
+      safety.set_aol_test_heartbeat(True)
+      packets = physical(tick + 100, now, driving)
+      for a, data, bus in packets:
+        safety.safety_fwd_hook(bus, a)
+        assert safety.safety_rx_hook(native.make_CANPacket(a, bus, data))
+      raw = messaging.new_message('can', len(packets), valid=True, logMonoTime=now)
+      for dst, (address, data, bus) in zip(raw.can, packets, strict=True):
+        dst.address, dst.dat, dst.src = address, data, bus
+      with patch('openpilot.selfdrive.car.card.messaging.drain_sock_raw', return_value=[raw.to_bytes()]), \
+           patch.object(card.sm, 'update', side_effect=lambda timeout, _now=now: receive_card(_now)), \
+           patch('openpilot.selfdrive.car.card.time.monotonic_ns', return_value=now), \
+           patch('openpilot.selfdrive.car.card.time.clock_gettime_ns', return_value=now):
+        cs, _ = card.state_update(defer_radar=True)
+      safety.safety_tick()
+      assert cs.canValid and not cs.canTimeout
+      assert card._aol_can_observation[0] is cs and card._aol_can_observation[1:3] == (now, now)
+      allowed = card.aol_card_intent.output(cs)[0]
+      request = int(allowed) | (2 if sd.aol_axis_decision.desired_longitudinal else 0)
+      safety.set_timer(decision_ns // 1000)
+      safety.aol_set_host_request(request)
+      mask = safety.aol_get_permission_mask()
+      message = messaging.new_message
+      with patch(
+        "openpilot.selfdrive.car.card.messaging.new_message",
+        side_effect=lambda *args, _clock=message, _now=now, **kwargs: _clock(*args, **dict(kwargs, logMonoTime=_now)),
+      ):
+        card.state_publish(cs, None)
+      negative = tick == 390 and condition != "healthy"
+      if negative:
+        # Typed receiver perturbations start after a complete actual CAN/native
+        # baseline; they cannot manufacture native permission or renew old output.
+        from dataclasses import replace
+        from openpilot.starpilot.aol.wire import decode_intent, encode_intent
+        current = captured["carState"].carState
+        if condition == "new_brake":
+          sd.CS_prev = sd.CS_prev.as_builder()
+          sd.CS_prev.brakePressed = False
+        elif condition == "new_paddle":
+          current.regenBraking = True
+        elif condition == "new_gas":
+          current.gasPressed = True
+        elif condition == "cancel":
+          current.buttonEvents = [structs.CarState.ButtonEvent(type="cancel", pressed=True)]
+        elif condition == "invalid_current":
+          current.canValid, current.canTimeout = False, True
+        elif condition == "permanent_eps":
+          current.steerFaultPermanent = True
+        elif condition == "main_off":
+          current.cruiseState.available = False
+        elif condition == "gear_unknown":
+          current.gearShifter = "unknown"
+        elif condition == "stock_disable_edge":
+          sd.CS_prev = sd.CS_prev.as_builder()
+          sd.CS_prev.cruiseState.enabled = True
+        if condition in ("future_current", "old_current"):
+          source = decision_ns + 1 if condition == "future_current" else old_axis.sourceCarStateMonoTime
+          captured["carState"].logMonoTime = source
+          wire = captured["aolIntentWire"]
+          wire.aolIntentWire = encode_intent(replace(decode_intent(wire.aolIntentWire), carStateLogMonoTime=source))
+        changes = {"producer": {"producerSessionId": "other-card"}, "settings": {"settingsQualified": False},
+                   "pause_lateral": {"pauseLateral": True}}
+        if condition in changes:
+          wire = captured["aolIntentWire"]
+          wire.aolIntentWire = encode_intent(replace(decode_intent(wire.aolIntentWire), **changes[condition]))
+        if condition == "epoch":
+          sd.aol_intent_companion.integrity_epoch += 1
+      axis, _, cc = step(
+        tick,
+        state_stamp=now,
+        offset_ns=decision_ns - 10_000_000_000 - tick * 10_000_000,
+        car_state_message=captured["carState"],
+        intent_message=captured["aolIntentWire"],
+        car_output_message=captured["carOutput"],
+        car_output_valid=captured["carOutput"].valid,
+        allowed=bool(mask & 1) and not (negative and condition == "native_denied"),
+        native_valid=not (negative and condition == "native_invalid"),
+        panda_fault=negative and condition == "rx_fault",
+        relay_fault=negative and condition == "relay_fault",
+        long_allowed=bool(mask & 2),
+        native_request_lat=bool(request & 1),
+        native_request_long=bool(request & 2),
+        panda_controls_allowed=safety.get_controls_allowed(),
+        authority_message=captured.get("starpilotCarState"),
+      )
+      if negative:
+        assert old_axis.validUntilMonoTime < decision_ns
+        assert not axis.lateralActive and not cc.latActive, (condition, axis.to_dict(), sd.events.names)
+        assert not axis.longitudinalActive and not cc.longActive
+        return
+      if tick == 389:
+        old_axis = axis
+      receive_card(decision_ns, control=False)
+      if tick == 390:
+        assert old_axis.validUntilMonoTime < decision_ns
+        old_deadline = old_axis.validUntilMonoTime
+        receive_card(decision_ns)
+        assert old_axis.validUntilMonoTime == old_deadline
+        assert axis.validUntilMonoTime == decision_ns + 30_000_000
+      assert not cc.enabled and not cc.longActive and not safety.get_controls_allowed()
+      if tick == 390:
+        assert not sd.aol_authority_lost and str(axis.faultReason) == "none"
+        assert axis.lateralActive and cc.latActive and not axis.longitudinalActive
+        assert axis.sourceCarStateMonoTime == now and axis.observedMonoTime == decision_ns
+      if tick in (360, 420, 480, 520):
+        checkpoints[tick] = (
+          bool(cc.enabled),
+          bool(cc.longActive),
+          bool(cc.latActive),
+          card.v_cruise_helper.v_cruise_kph,
+          bool(cs.brakePressed),
+          bool(cs.regenBraking),
+        )
+      if not driving:
+        assert str(cs.gearShifter) == "park" and cs.seatbeltUnlatched and cs.standstill
+        assert not axis.lateralActive and not cc.latActive and safety.aol_get_request_mask() == 0 and mask == 0
+        assert str(axis.faultReason) != "critical", (
+          tick,
+          axis.to_dict(),
+          sd.events.names,
+        )
+      failed = card.aol_disarming_fault(cs, int(card.sm.logMonoTime["onroadEvents"]), decision_ns)
+      if failed:
+        print(
+          "SDGM_FAILURE",
+          tick,
+          gesture,
+          axis.to_dict(),
+          [e.to_dict() for e in sd.events.to_msg()],
+          card.aol_transport_feedback.__dict__,
+          checkpoints,
+        )
+      assert not failed
+      assert card.aol_card_intent.allowed_latch and not card.aol_card_intent._main_cycle_required
+      command = card.sm["carControl"]
+      captured.pop("sendcan", None)
+      with (
+        patch(
+          "openpilot.selfdrive.car.card.time.monotonic_ns",
+          return_value=decision_ns + 2,
+        ),
+        patch(
+          "openpilot.selfdrive.car.card.time.monotonic",
+          return_value=(decision_ns + 2) / 1e9,
+        ),
+        patch(
+          "openpilot.selfdrive.car.card.time.clock_gettime_ns",
+          return_value=decision_ns + 2,
+        ),
+      ):
+        card.controls_update(cs, command)
+      emitted = captured["sendcan"]
+      if not emitted.valid:
+        # The first command is exactly at the real source floor; it cannot emit.
+        assert tick == 1 and not emitted.sendcan and not cc.enabled and not cc.latActive and not cc.longActive
+        card.CS_prev = cs
+        continue
+      assert emitted.valid
+      for frame in emitted.sendcan:
+        assert safety.safety_tx_hook(native.make_CANPacket(frame.address, frame.src, frame.dat))
+        tx += 1
+        if frame.address == 0x180:
+          if not driving:
+            assert not frame.dat[0] & 8
+          else:
+            active += bool(frame.dat[0] & 8)
+      card.CS_prev = cs
+    assert active > 0 and tx > 0 and card.aol_card_intent.allowed_latch
+    assert not sd.aol_authority_lost
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("c9", [False, True])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("condition", ["new_brake", "new_paddle", "cancel", "invalid_current", "future_current",
+  "old_current", "new_gas", "producer", "epoch", "settings", "pause_lateral", "native_denied", "native_invalid", "rx_fault",
+  "relay_fault", "permanent_eps", "main_off", "gear_unknown", "stock_disable_edge"])
+def test_fresh_held_successor_rejects_changed_identity_health_or_physical_input(c9, condition):
+  exercise_sdgm(c9=c9, alpha=condition != "stock_disable_edge", condition=condition)
diff --git a/openpilot/starpilot/aol/tests/test_gm_source_deadline.py b/openpilot/starpilot/aol/tests/test_gm_source_deadline.py
index 789ce02a60..5ec2f41807 100644
--- a/openpilot/starpilot/aol/tests/test_gm_source_deadline.py
+++ b/openpilot/starpilot/aol/tests/test_gm_source_deadline.py
@@ -1,16 +1,45 @@
 """Volt route c0508: source cutoff must not replace an unexpired axis proof."""
+from collections import deque
 from contextlib import ExitStack
 from unittest.mock import patch
 
 import pytest
 
 from opendbc.car.gm.tests.test_volt_sdgm_control import sdgm_params
+from openpilot.cereal import messaging
 from openpilot.common.prefix import OpenpilotPrefix
 from openpilot.starpilot.aol.intent import read_settings
 from openpilot.starpilot.aol.tests import test_ioniq_availability as fixture
 from openpilot.starpilot.aol.tests.test_input_deadline_continuity import BASE, intent
 
 
+def bind_steering_receipts(sd, step, cleanup):
+  """Deliver the same declared producer receipt through its actual socket path."""
+  if sd.steering_companion is None:
+    return step
+  pending = deque()
+  original = messaging.recv_one_or_none
+
+  def receive(sock):
+    if sock is sd.steering_companion.sock:
+      return pending.popleft() if pending else None
+    return original(sock)
+
+  cleanup.enter_context(patch('openpilot.selfdrive.selfdrived.selfdrived.messaging.recv_one_or_none', side_effect=receive))
+
+  def observed_step(tick, **kwargs):
+    if not kwargs.get('timeout', False):
+      stamp = kwargs.get('state_stamp', 10_000_000_000 + tick * 10_000_000 + kwargs.get('offset_ns', 0))
+      receipt = messaging.new_message('starpilotCarState', valid=True, logMonoTime=stamp)
+      receipt.starpilotCarState.sourceCarStateMonoTime = stamp
+      receipt.starpilotCarState.lateralAuthorityUnavailable = kwargs.get('authority_unavailable', False)
+      kwargs['authority_message'] = receipt
+      pending.append(receipt.as_reader())
+    return step(tick, **kwargs)
+
+  return observed_step
+
+
 def profiles():
   from opendbc.car.gm.tests.test_volt_camera_control import camera_params
   from opendbc.car.gm.tests.test_volt_camera_removed import removed_params
@@ -38,6 +67,7 @@ def test_volt_cutoff_keeps_only_original_lease_then_consumes_next_source(mode, s
     cleanup.callback(case.doCleanups)
     full = mode == 'ordinary'
     sd, controls, step = case._authority_callers(full, cp=cp.as_reader().as_builder(), genuine_events=True)
+    step = bind_steering_receipts(sd, step, cleanup)
     sd.aol_settings = read_settings(sd.params)
     cs = fixture.car_state(brake=mode == 'brake')
     cs.regenBraking = mode == 'regen'
@@ -46,6 +76,13 @@ def test_volt_cutoff_keeps_only_original_lease_then_consumes_next_source(mode, s
     assert old.lateralActive and command.latActive and bool(command.longActive) == full
     deadline = old.validUntilMonoTime
     clock = [BASE + 29_900_000]
+    actual_controls_receive = controls.sm.update_msgs
+
+    def empty_control_receive(timeout):
+      assert timeout == 0
+      actual_controls_receive(clock[0] / 1e9, [])
+
+    cleanup.enter_context(patch.object(controls.sm, 'update', side_effect=empty_control_receive))
     original = sd.update_process_health
 
     def finish_preamble():
@@ -57,6 +94,15 @@ def test_volt_cutoff_keeps_only_original_lease_then_consumes_next_source(mode, s
          patch.object(sd, 'update_process_health', side_effect=finish_preamble):
       held, _, _ = step(5, timeout=True, state_stamp=BASE, offset_ns=-100_000,
         intent_message=intent(BASE, 3), observed_state=cs, native_request_long=full)
+    from opendbc.car.gm.steering_authority import monitored_profile
+    if monitored_profile(cp):
+      # This monitored profile also needs its original steering-health receipt.
+      # At this point that source is older than30ms. Its missing successor cannot
+      # inherit health from an unexpired axis envelope or a fresh Panda grant.
+      assert not sd.aol_axis_publication_deferred
+      assert not held.lateralActive and not held.longitudinalActive
+      assert sd.steering_authority_unavailable and sd.aol_authority_lost
+      return
     assert sd.aol_axis_publication_deferred
     assert held.to_dict() == old.to_dict() and held.validUntilMonoTime == deadline
     assert not sd.aol_authority_lost
@@ -90,6 +136,7 @@ def test_volt_deferral_cannot_hide_driver_edges_or_failed_proof(bad):
   with OpenpilotPrefix(), ExitStack() as cleanup:
     cleanup.callback(case.doCleanups)
     sd, _, step = case._authority_callers(False, cp=sdgm_params(alpha=True), genuine_events=True)
+    step = bind_steering_receipts(sd, step, cleanup)
     sd.aol_settings = read_settings(sd.params)
     old, _, command = step(2, state_stamp=BASE, offset_ns=4_530_833,
       intent_message=intent(BASE, 3), native_request_long=False)
@@ -135,6 +182,7 @@ def test_ascm_separate_steering_companion_expiry_still_withdraws_outputs(cp):
   with OpenpilotPrefix(), ExitStack() as cleanup:
     cleanup.callback(case.doCleanups)
     sd, _, step = case._authority_callers(True, cp=cp.as_reader().as_builder(), genuine_events=True)
+    step = bind_steering_receipts(sd, step, cleanup)
     sd.aol_settings = read_settings(sd.params)
     from collections import deque
     queue = deque()
diff --git a/prebuilt.json b/prebuilt.json
index 997f7b8154..7982f72ec0 100644
--- a/prebuilt.json
+++ b/prebuilt.json
@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"protected_inventory_sha256": "3431c43b06385ea8e9a91a7820b952792f1a1c27069c5ac04fc7f17227490b4c", "schema_version": 1}
+{"protected_inventory_sha256": "8b4e37f4b6b70b41edab93d19b3690a747cd7eeeb7db5c681f24252e26f13818", "schema_version": 1}